The Moment album by Kenny G

The Moment album by Kenny G

Biography Albert Einstein

Biography

Albert Einstein was born at Ulm, in Württemberg, Germany, on March 14, 1879. Six weeks later the family moved to Munich, where he later on began his schooling at the Luitpold Gymnasium. Later, they moved to Italy and Albert continued his education at Aarau, Switzerland and in 1896 he entered the Swiss Federal Polytechnic School in Zurich to be trained as a teacher in physics and mathematics. In 1901, the year he gained his diploma, he acquired Swiss citizenship and, as he was unable to find a teaching post, he accepted a position as technical assistant in the Swiss Patent Office. In 1905 he obtained his doctor's degree.

During his stay at the Patent Office, and in his spare time, he produced much of his remarkable work and in 1908 he was appointed Privatdozent in Berne. In 1909 he became Professor Extraordinary at Zurich, in 1911 Professor of Theoretical Physics at Prague, returning to Zurich in the following year to fill a similar post. In 1914 he was appointed Director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Physical Institute and Professor in the University of Berlin. He became a German citizen in 1914 and remained in Berlin until 1933 when he renounced his citizenship for political reasons and emigrated to America to take the position of Professor of Theoretical Physics at Princeton*. He became a United States citizen in 1940 and retired from his post in 1945.

After World War II, Einstein was a leading figure in the World Government Movement, he was offered the Presidency of the State of Israel, which he declined, and he collaborated with Dr. Chaim Weizmann in establishing the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

Einstein always appeared to have a clear view of the problems of physics and the determination to solve them. He had a strategy of his own and was able to visualize the main stages on the way to his goal. He regarded his major achievements as mere stepping-stones for the next advance.

At the start of his scientific work, Einstein realized the inadequacies of Newtonian mechanics and his special theory of relativity stemmed from an attempt to reconcile the laws of mechanics with the laws of the electromagnetic field. He dealt with classical problems of statistical mechanics and problems in which they were merged with quantum theory: this led to an explanation of the Brownian movement of molecules. He investigated the thermal properties of light with a low radiation density and his observations laid the foundation of the photon theory of light.

In his early days in Berlin, Einstein postulated that the correct interpretation of the special theory of relativity must also furnish a theory of gravitation and in 1916 he published his paper on the general theory of relativity. During this time he also contributed to the problems of the theory of radiation and statistical mechanics.

In the 1920's, Einstein embarked on the construction of unified field theories, although he continued to work on the probabilistic interpretation of quantum theory, and he persevered with this work in America. He contributed to statistical mechanics by his development of the quantum theory of a monatomic gas and he has also accomplished valuable work in connection with atomic transition probabilities and relativistic cosmology.

After his retirement he continued to work towards the unification of the basic concepts of physics, taking the opposite approach, geometrisation, to the majority of physicists.

Einstein's researches are, of course, well chronicled and his more important works include Special Theory of Relativity (1905), Relativity (English translations, 1920 and 1950), General Theory of Relativity (1916), Investigations on Theory of Brownian Movement (1926), and The Evolution of Physics (1938). Among his non-scientific works, About Zionism (1930), Why War? (1933), My Philosophy (1934), and Out of My Later Years (1950) are perhaps the most important.

Albert Einstein received honorary doctorate degrees in science, medicine and philosophy from many European and American universities. During the 1920's he lectured in Europe, America and the Far East and he was awarded Fellowships or Memberships of all the leading scientific academies throughout the world. He gained numerous awards in recognition of his work, including the Copley Medal of the Royal Society of London in 1925, and the Franklin Medal of the Franklin Institute in 1935.

Einstein's gifts inevitably resulted in his dwelling much in intellectual solitude and, for relaxation, music played an important part in his life. He married Mileva Maric in 1903 and they had a daughter and two sons; their marriage was dissolved in 1919 and in the same year he married his cousin, Elsa Löwenthal, who died in 1936. He died on April 18, 1955 at Princeton, New Jersey.

From Nobel Lectures,

This autobiography/biography was written at the time of the award and first published in the book series Les Prix Nobel. It was later edited and republished in Nobel Lectures. To cite this document, always state the source as shown above.

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* Albert Einstein was formally associated with the Institute for Advanced Study located in Princeton, New Jersey.

sejarah sepak bola

Menurut Bill Muray, pakar sejarah sepak bola, dalam bukunya The World Game: A History of Soccer, sepak bola sudah dimainkan sejak awal Masehi. Saat itu, orang-orang di era Mesir Kuno sudah mengenal permainan membawa dan menendang bola yang dibuat dari buntalan kain linen. Sejarah Yunani Purba juga mencatat ada sebuah permainan yang disebut episcuro, permainan menggunakan bola. Bukti itu tergambar pada relief-relief di dinding museum yang melukiskan anak muda memegang bola bulat dan memainkannya dengan paha.

Sepak bola juga disebut-sebut berasal dari daratan Cina. Dalam sebuah dokumen militer disebutkan, sejak 206 SM, pada masa pemerintahan Dinasti Tsin dan Han, orang-orang sudah memainkan permainan bola yang disebut tsu chu. Tsu mempunyai arti "menerjang bola dengan kaki". Sedangkan chu, berarti "bola dari kulit dan ada isinya". Mereka bermain bola yang terbuat dari kulit binatang dengan cara menendang dan menggiringnya ke sebuah jaring yang dibentangkan pada dua tiang.

Jepang pun tidak mau ketinggalan. Sejak abad ke-8, konon masyarakatnya sudah mengenal permainan ini. Mereka menyebutnya sebagai Kemari. Bolanya terbuat dari kulit kijang berisi udara.

Yang menarik, ada legenda pada abad pertengahan. Konon saat itu, seluruh desa mengikuti satu permainan bola. Bola yang terbuat dari tengkorak, ditendang satu diantara warga ke arah desa tetangga. Kemudian, oleh si penerima bola di desa itu, bola dilanjutkan ditendang ke desa selanjutnya.

Panjang Umur dengan Olah Raga Lari

Panjang Umur dengan Olah Raga Lari

Studi terbaru menunjukkan, usia anggota klub lari ternyata rata-rata 20 tahun lebih panjang daripada mereka yang tidak pernah lari Murah, sehat. Itulah lari. Kini, sebuah studi juga menemukan, mereka yang terbiasa lari ternyata lebih panjang usia daripada yang tidak. Studi yang dipublikasikan pada Senin (11/8) itu menunjukkan, usia anggota klub lari ternyata rata-rata 20 tahun lebih panjang daripada mereka yang tidak pernah lari. Para peneliti dari Stanford University California tersebut menyatakan, berlari mengurangi risiko penyakit jantung, kanker, dan penyakit gangguan saraf seperti Alzheimer. Dalam 19 tahun masa penelitian, kasus kematian pada pelari tercatat 15 persen. Sebaliknya, kematian pada non pelari tercatat 34 persen. Padahal, mereka rutin memeriksakan kesehatan," tulis dr Eliza Chakravarty. Tim peneliti menyurvei 284 anggota klub lari dan 156 orang dengan rutin memeriksakan kesehatan. Mereka berlatar belakang sosial dan ekonomi sama. Seluruhnya berusia 50 tahun ke atas. Dimulai pada 1984, setiap responden mengisi survei data frekuensi pelatihan, berat badan, dan ketidakmampuan melakukan delapan aktivitas. Sebagian besar pelari berhenti berlari saat memasuki usia 70 tahun. Namun, sulit ditemukan orang yang benar-benar berhenti berlatih.

Sejarah olahraga lari

Sejarah

Acara asal dan hanya satu dalam Olimpik yang pertama pada 776 SM adalah lumba lari panjang-stadium atau "stad", diadakan di trek.

Terdapat beberapa temasya lain diadakan di Eropah semasa era klasik:

• Sukan Panhellenic:
  • Sukan Pythian (diasaskan pada 527 SM) diadakan di Delphi setiap empat tahun
  • Sukan Nemean (diasaskan pada 516 SM) diadakan di Argolid setiap dua tahun
  • Sukan Isthmian (diasaskan pada 523 SM) di Corinth Isthmus setiap dua tahun
• Sukan Rom - acara olahraga khusus kepada lumba kaki, melontar, lumba kuda, bergusti dan pertempuran gladiator.
• The Tailteann Games (claimed foundation 1829 BC) – held near modern Telltown in Ireland, this thirty-day meeting included foot races and stone-throwing events

Bangsa Celt, Teuton dan Goths yang berjaya menerajui empayar Rom juga meminati sukan olahraga. Namun begitu, ini kerap dikaitkan dengan latihan pertempuran dan tidak dikelolakan dengan baik.

Pada pertengahan abad ke-19, satu organisasi formai pertandingan olahraga ditubuhkan. Ini termasuk kerjasama antara pertubuhan sukan dan sekolah. Kolej Tentera Diraja Sandhurst membuat pertikaian bahawa mereka merupakan kolej pertama yang menubuhkan organisasi olahraga pada 1812 dan 1825 tanpa sebarang bukti . Namun begitu, mesyuarat pertama organisasi olahraga yang dicatat diadakan di Shrewsbury, Shropshire pada tahun 1840 oleh Sekolah Diraja Shrewbury Hunt. Sehingga kini, tiada sebarang bukti yang kukuh yang dapat menyatakan tentang penubuhan organisasi formal olahraga.

Olahraga mula disertakan dalam pertandingan Olimpik pertama pada tahun 1896 dan masih diteruskan sehingga kini. Wanita hanya dibenarkan untuk menyertai acara trek dan padang pada tahun 1928.

Sejak itu, beberapa pertubuhan atau organisasi olahraga telah ditubuhakan dengan giat di Amerika Syarikat. Ini termasuk International Association of Athletics Federations, Amateur Athletic Union dan USA Track & Field.